Over 60,000 years ago, the first modern humans - people physically identical to us today - left their African homeland and entered Europe, then a bleak and inhospitable continent in the grip of the Ice Age. But when they arrived, they were not alone: the stocky, powerfully built Neanderthals had already been living there for hundreds of thousands of years. So what happened when the first modern humans encountered the Neanderthals? Did they make love or war? That question has tantalized generations of scholars and seized the popular imagination. Then, in 2010, a team led by geneticist Svante Paabo announced stunning news. Not only had they reconstructed much of the Neanderthal genome - an extraordinary technical feat that would have seemed impossible only a decade ago - but their analysis showed that "we" modern humans had interbred with Neanderthals, leaving a small but consistent signature of Neanderthal genes behind in everyone outside Africa today. In "Decoding Neanderthals," NOVA explores the implications of this exciting discovery. In the traditional view, Neanderthals differed from "us" in behavior and capabilities as well as anatomy. But were they really mentally inferior, as inexpressive and clumsy as the cartoon caveman they inspired? NOVA explores a range of intriguing new evidence for Neanderthal self-expression and language, all pointing to the fact that we may have seriously underestimated our mysterious, long-vanished human cousins.

BY MIGUEL CALVO HERNANDEZ

I choose this video to show you how is the universe. This video talks about all the things that compose the universe. I hope you enjoy it!
PAULA SÁNCHEZ GÁLVEZ

WE HAVE FINISHED THE 1ST TERM, NEXT UPLOADINGS WILL HAVE MARKS THE 2ND TERM. THANKS A LOT EVERYBODY FOR YOUR CONTRIBUTION! YOU HAVE DONE A GOOD JOB!

Human Evolution

Here we have two videos, of pictures of how was our evolution, with diferents tipes of pictures, and in diferents periodes.

(Darwin's theory of evolution)

There have been many unexplainable artifacts that have been found at sites all around the world but are dumped in basements and not acknowledged because they don’t fit in with every leading, and obviously concerned, scientists current way of thinking.

This authoritarian system of “peer review” be it in archeology, paleontology, biology or any other department is an effective way of keeping independent thinkers out of the public information loop. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that Darwin’s “Swiss cheese” evolution theory is going to become very stupid to the public understanding even though they still brainwash us with his survival agenda.

By: Alicia Costa Fresneda

The History of Human Thinking

BY FUENSANTA HERNÁNDEZ SALMERÓN

7 THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF LIFE

Life on Earth began more than 3 billion years ago, evolving from the most basic of microbes into a dazzling array of complexity over time. But how did the first organisms on the only known home to life in the universe develop from the primordial soup?

Here are science's theories on the origins of life on Earth.

1. Electric Spark

Electric sparks can generate amino acids and sugars from an atmosphere loaded with water, methane, ammonia and hydrogen, as was shown in the famous Miller-Urey experiment reported in 1953, suggesting that lightning might have helped create the key building blocks of life on Earth in its early days. Over millions of years, larger and more complex molecules could form. Although research since then has revealed the early atmosphere of Earth was actually hydrogen-poor, scientists have suggested that volcanic clouds in the early atmosphere might have held methane, ammonia and hydrogen and been filled with lightning as well.

2. Community Clay

The first molecules of life might have met on clay, according to an idea elaborated by organic chemist Alexander Graham Cairns-Smith at the University of Glasgow in Scotland. These surfaces might not only have concentrated these organic compounds together, but also helped organize them into patterns much like our genes do now.

3. Deep-Sea Vents

The deep-sea vent theory suggests that life may have begun at submarine hydrothermal vents, spewing key hydrogen-rich molecules. Their rocky nooks could then have concentrated these molecules together and provided mineral catalysts for critical reactions. Even now, these vents, rich in chemical and thermal energy, sustain vibrant ecosystems.

4. Chilly Start.

Ice might have covered the oceans 3 billion years ago, as the sun was about a third less luminous than it is now. This layer of ice, possibly hundreds of feet thick, might have protected fragile organic compounds in the water below from ultraviolet light and destruction from cosmic impacts. The cold might have also helped these molecules to survive longer, allowing key reactions to happen.

5. RNA World.

Nowadays DNA needs proteins in order to form, and proteins require DNA to form, so how could these have formed without each other? The answer may be RNA, which can store information like DNA, serve as an enzyme like proteins, and help create both DNA and proteins. Later DNA and proteins succeeded this "RNA world," because they are more efficient. RNA still exists and performs several functions in organisms, including acting as an on-off switch for some genes. The question still remains how RNA got here in the first place. And while some scientists think the molecule could have spontaneously arisen on Earth, others say that was very unlikely to have happened.

6. Simple Beginnings

Instead of developing from complex molecules such as RNA, life might have begun with smaller molecules interacting with each other in cycles of reactions. These might have been contained in simple capsules akin to cell membranes, and over time more complex molecules that performed these reactions better than the smaller ones could have evolved, scenarios dubbed "metabolism-first" models, as opposed to the "gene-first" model of the "RNA world" hypothesis.

7. Panspermia

Perhaps life did not begin on Earth at all, but was brought here from elsewhere in space, a notion known as panspermia. For instance, rocks regularly get blasted off Mars by cosmic impacts, and a number of Martian meteorites have been found on Earth that some researchers have controversially suggested brought microbes over here, potentially making us all Martians originally. Other scientists have even suggested that life might have hitchhiked on comets from other star systems. However, even if this concept were true, the question of how life began on Earth would then only change to how life began elsewhere in space.

FUENSANTA HERNÁNDEZ SALMERÓN

THE ORIGIN OF LIFE AND THE ORIGIN OF THE EARTH AND THE MOON.

The basic tenet of the heterotrophic theory of the origin of life is that the maintenance and reproduction of the first living systems depended primarily on prebiotically synthesized organic molecules. It is unlikely that any single mechanism can account for the wide range of organic compounds that may have accumulated on the primitive Earth, suggesting that the prebiotic soup was formed by contributions from endogenous syntheses in reducing environments, metal sulphide-mediated synthesis in deep-sea vents, and exogenous sources such as comets, meteorites and interplanetary dust. The wide range of experimental conditions under which amino acids and nucleobases can be synthesized suggests that the abiotic syntheses of these monomers did not take place under a narrow range defined by highly selective reaction conditions, but rather under a wide variety of settings. The robustness of this type of chemistry is supported by the occurrence of most of these biochemical compounds in the Murchison meteorite. These results lend strong credence to the hypothesis that the emergence of life was the outcome of a long, but not necessarily slow, evolutionary processes. The origin of life may be best understood in terms of the dynamics and evolution of sets of chemical replicating entities. Whether such entities were enclosed within membranes is not yet clear, but given the prebiotic availability of amphiphilic compounds this may have well been the case. This scheme is not at odds with the theoretical models of self-organized emerging systems, but what is known of biology suggest that the essential traits of living systems could have not emerged in the absence of genetic material able to store, express and, upon replication, transmit to its progeny information capable of undergoing evolutionary change.


ORIGEN DE LA TIERRA Y LA LUNA

Here you have a article of "The SAO/NASA Astrophysics" that say te theory of the origins of life more summarised and complete. And the video explain the origins of the solar system and the origin of the eart and the moon.



LAURA GALLEGO NICOLAS.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aRbTyX9jP78

This video discusses several theories of the origin of life.
 What do you believe?

Silvia Román Martínez.

EL ORIGEN DEL HOMBRE.

El vídeo que se muestra abajo nos informa de que al principio, no existían seres humanos y los animales y plantas de entonces fueron desapareciendo poco a poco, entonces se produjo la evolución.
Nuestros primeros antecesores ya eran distintos a los monos, y cada vez se parecían más a los seres humanos actuales. Comenzaron a crear herramientas para alimentarse y el fuego para poder sobrevivir. Nuestro primer antecesor fue Homo Habilis, después de cientos miles de años, estos evolucionaron a Homo Sapiens, que pasaron a ser nómadas. El hombre evolucionó y aprendió a adaptarse a los climas, creando entonces la actualidad.

MIGUEL FERNÁNDEZ VIDAL.

THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN BEINGS

In this video you can see the origin of humans beings and their evolution, while it began with the last common ancestor of all life, the topic usually covers only the evolutionary history of primates, in particular the genus Homo, and the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of hominids. The study of human evolution involves many scientific disciplines.

The evolution of life started with plants and animals that not exit actually, the evolutionary history of primates, in particular the genus Homo, and the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of hominids.

The genus Homo is Homo habilis which evolved around 2.3 million years ago; the earliest species for which there is positive evidence of use of stone tools. The brains of these early hominids were about the same size as that of a chimpanzee. During the next million years a process of encephalization began, and with the arrival of Homo erectus in the fossil record, with more cranial capacity. Homo erectus and Homo ergaster were the first of the hominine to leave Africa, and these species spread through Africa, Asia, and Europe between 1.3 to 1.8 million years ago. It is believed that these species were the first to use fire and complex tools. According to the Recent African Ancestry theory, modern humans evolved in Africa possibly from Homo heidelbergensis, Homo rhodesiensis or Homo antecessor and migrated out of the continent some 50,000 to 100,000 years ago, replacing local populations of Homo erectus, Homo denisova, Homo floresiensis and Homo neanderthalensis. Archaic Homo sapiens, the forerunner of anatomically modern humans, evolved between 400,000 and 250,000 years ago. Recent DNA evidence suggests that several haplotypes of Neanderthal origin are present among all non-African populations and Neanderthals and other hominids, such as Denisova hominin may have contributed up to 6% of their genome to present-day humans, suggestive of a limited inter-breeding between these species. Anatomically modern humans evolved from archaic Homo sapiens. The transition to behavioral modernity with the development of culture, language, and specialized technology happened around 50,000 years ago according to many anthropologists although some suggest a gradual change in behavior over a longer time span.

MIGUEL FERNÁNDEZ VIDAL. 

                                                              NEW HUMANS

                                                 New type of human discovered last year.

                                                             by: Antonio Saorín

LO QUE QUEDA DEL NEANDERTAL EN NOSOTROS

In 1848 a strange skull was discovered on the military outpost of Gibraltar. It was undoubtedly human, but also had some of the heavy features of an ape... distinct brow ridges, and a forward projecting face. Just what was this ancient creature? And when had it lived? As more remains were discovered one thing became clear, this creature had once lived right across Europe. The remains were named Homo neanderthalensis (Neanderthal man) an ancient and primitive form of human.

The archaeological evidence revealed that the earliest Neanderthals had lived in Europe about 200,000 years ago. But then, about 30,000 years ago, they disappeared... just at the time when the first modern humans appear in Europe. The story has it that our ancestors, modern humans, spread out of Africa about 100,000 years ago with better brains and more sophisticated tools. As they spread into Neanderthal territory, they simply out-competed their primitive cousins.
BY: JOSÉ MIGUEL PÉREZ HITA MORENO 

LA MEJOR FOTO DE FAMILIA DEL UNIVERSO

Un grupo de científicos ha confeccionado en Granada y Almería el “atlas más completo de las estrellas” para estudiar el cosmos.

El cielo estrellado que vemos de noche es, en realidad, una imagen del pasado, de un pasado muy remoto, quizá de hace millones de años. Los atrónomos observan los cuerpos celestes no como son en la actualidad, sino como eran cuando emitieron la luz que nos llega ahora. A través de ellos se puede trazar la historia del cosmos, localizando las luces más tenues, las galaxias más lejanas y, por tanto, más antiguas, hasta llegar a la infancia del universo.

Durante los últimos siete años, un grupo de científicos ha sondeado el espacio, captando imágenes del cielo en el observatorio de Calar Alto, en Almería; las han tratado y calibrado en el Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA), ubicado en Granada, y con ellas han elaborado “el mapa más completo del universo realizado hasta ahora en el mundo”, afirma Mariano Moles, investigador principal del proyecto. Un atlas que permite “examinar 8.000 millones de años de historia del universo con total fidelidad y hasta 10.000 millones de años de una forma no tan precisa”, indica Moles. Teniendo en cuenta que el universo tiene una edad de unos 13.700 millones de años, según la teoría del Big Bang, a través de este mapa de estrellas se puede investigar más de un 70% de la historia del cosmos. De hecho, la estrella más antigua que han conseguido captar las observaciones realizadas para elaborar el atlas es un cuásar (los astros más luminosos, producto del choque entre galaxias) a 12.500 millones de años luz de la Tierra, a no mucha distancia de la estrella más lejana descubierta nunca —13.300 millones de años luz—, captada por el telescopio espacial hubble.                

BY: JOSÉ MIGUEL PÉREZ HITA MORENO

This edition of Horizon does something that no one has done before. We have assembled the first ever complete Neanderthal skeleton, from parts gathered from all over the world, to reveal the most anatomically accurate representation of modern humanity's closest relative. The aim is to use this skeleton to answer two of the great questions of human evolution. Was Neanderthal a thinking, feeling human being like us, or a primitive beast? And why is it that we are here today, and Neanderthal is extinct?

To answer these questions, we've brought together a team of leading experts to explore the skeleton for clues, and perform experiments to test out their ideas. Their findings allow us to use drama to bring Neanderthal to life with unrivalled accuracy. They reveal how Neanderthal hunted, thought - even spoke.

What emerges is a very different beast to the brute of legend. It seems Neanderthal was in many ways our equal and in some ways our superior. And the story of his extinction owed less to modern humans' superiority than sheer luck.


BY: MIGUEL CALVO HERNÁNDEZ

                                                        ANCIENT ALIENS:

The video is about the origins of man and the changes it has suffered to reach as we are now speaking of ancient humans as "ancient aliens".
Compare them skulls, them ADN and them ways of representing what they did such as the cave paintings.
Also talk to some scientists, biologists and historians so it is very interesting.

By: Antonio Saorín.

The possibility of life in Mars

Here, there is a video in which you can see the most recent hypothesis about if there was life in Mars or not. This video is made with the NASA information, which has been published by the English news. Hope it can solve some of your questions about the Universe. By: Gema Hernández Martínez

Curiosities about "Life in space"

Alien life found living in Earth's atmosphere, claims scientist 19 Sep 2013

Researchers from the University of Sheffield and Buckingham University claim to have found evidence for microscopic organisms living 16 miles up in the atmosphere between Chester and Wakefield.

The scientists used a specially designed balloon to gather samples in the stratosphere during the recent Perseid meteor shower.

They found the fragments of single celled algae known as a diatom.

They argue that this could be the first evidence to show how life may have arrived on Earth from space, perhaps carried here by meteorites.

Professor Milton Wainwright, from the department of molecular biology and biotechnology at the University of Sheffield who led the work, said: “Most people will assume that these biological particles must have just drifted up to the stratosphere from Earth."

“Our conclusion then is that life is continually arriving to Earth from space, life is not restricted to this planet and it almost certainly did not originate here.”

By: Victoria Saura Montesinos

MILKY WAY

by: José Miguel Pérez Hita Moreno

The Largest Black Holes in the Universe

Miguel Fernandez Vidal 1º B

El Universo Temporada 6x05 Buscando a Dios HD (Canal Historia)

Miguel Fernandez Vidal   1º B

Extraterrestial origin of life.

Extraterrestial origin of life. from cmc1b

"Charles darwin and the tree of life"

Go to the next:
http://topdocumentaryfilms.com/charles-darwin-tree-life/


Answer the next:

“Charles Darwin and the tree of life” questionnaire.

DARWIN, THE GENIUS OF EVOLUTION

ANSWER THE QUESTIONS.

REMEMBER THAT THEY ARE RELATED TO THE FILM!

1.     Who is the film’s host? ……………………………………………….................

2.     How many different species of flowering plants exist? ………………………...

3.     Who was born 200 years ago? …………………………………………………..

4.     When (year) did Darwin board the survey sailing ship named Beagle? What was his age at the time? ………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………...

5.     How long did the trip to Galapagos Islands last? ……………………………….

6.     In which University did Darwin study geology and botany? …………………...

7.     Who “invented” the term Dinosaur? …………………………………………....

8.     Who founded and directed the Natural History Museum of London? ………….

…………………………………………………………………………………...

9.     Which animals did Darwin use to support his theory? ………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………...

11.  From which animals do domestic dogs descend? ………………………………

12.  Why can’t breeds be considered different species? …………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………...

13.  Where did Darwin conduct careful experiments with plants? ………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………...

14.  Where did Darwin stop going in his latter part of his life? ……………………..

15.  How many pages had Darwin’s first book published? ………………………….

16.  How much money did Darwin ask his wife to invest in the publication of his book, if he died before doing so? ……………………………………………….

17.  Who sent Darwin an essay with the same ideas he had? ……………………….

18.  When did he send it? ……………………………………………………………

19.  Which society discussed to whom belonged the theory of evolution? …………

…………………………………………………………………………………...

20.  When was Darwin’s book first published? ……………………………………..

21.  Why does the film’s host consider Darwin’s book very easy to read? ………….

…………………………………………………………………………………...

22.  What animal was Darwin compared to in the cartoons of his time? ……………

…………………………………………………………………………………...

23.  Is there a living bird that links birds and reptiles? What do they have – when young – that is astounding? ……………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………...

26.  Which is the most primitive living mammal? …………………………………..

27.  What woman discovered radioactivity that is used to determine the age of rocks? …………………………………………………………………………...

28.  Why can’t frogs survive in sea water? ………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………...

29.  When did a German geologist propose that a super-continent had existed many million years ago? Do you know his name? …………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………...

30.  What scientist was living in the city of Brno and working with peas at the same time that Darwin was developing his theory? ………………………………………..

31.  When and where was the purpose of genes discovered? ……………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………...

32.  What scientists discovered its purpose and structure? ………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………...

33.  Do genes from an animal work in another? Give an example. …………………

…………………………………………………………………………………...

34.  Which animals are kangaroos related to? ……………………………………….

35.  From which animals did sea-cows evolve? ……………………………………..

36.  When did the dinosaurs become extinct? ……………………………………….

37.  Did a group of dinosaurs survive and in which group of living creatures have they evolved? ……………………………………………………………………

38.  When did the first mammal appear? ……………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………...

Teoría endosimbiótica

The Evolution of Life on Earth

Here you can see a video which explain the origins of life, it is useful and fun, and it make 45 billions of years in 24 hours. :)





By: Marta Sánchez González

NATURAL SELECTION; CHARLES DARWIN & ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE

Natural Selection: Charles Darwin & Alfred Russel Wallace

The genius of Darwin (left), the way in which he suddenly turned all of biology upside down in 1859 with the publication of the Origin of Species, can sometimes give the misleading impression that the theory of evolution sprang from his forehead fully formed without any precedent in scientific history. But as earlier chapters in this history have shown, the raw material for Darwin's theory had been known for decades. Geologists and paleontologists had made a compelling case that life had been on Earth for a long time, that it had changed over that time, and that many species had become extinct. At the same time, embryologists and other naturalists studying living animals in the early 1800s had discovered, sometimes unwittingly, much of the best evidence for Darwin's theory. Pre-Darwinian ideas about evolution It was Darwin's genius both to show how all this evidence favored the evolution of species from a common ancestor and to offer a plausible mechanism by which life might evolve. Lamarck and others had promoted evolutionary theories, but in order to explain just how life changed, they depended on speculation. Typically, they claimed that evolution was guided by some long-term trend. Lamarck, for example, thought that life strove over time to rise from simple single-celled forms to complex ones. Many German biologists conceived of life evolving according to predetermined rules, in the same way an embryo develops in the womb. But in the mid-1800s, Darwin and the British biologist Alfred Russel Wallace independently conceived of a natural, even observable, way for life to change: a process Darwin called natural selection. The pressure of population growth Interestingly, Darwin and Wallace found their inspiration in economics. An English parson named Thomas Malthus published a book in 1797 called Essay on the Principle of Population in which he warned his fellow Englishmen that most policies designed to help the poor were doomed because of the relentless pressure of population growth. A nation could easily double its population in a few decades, leading to famine and misery for all. When Darwin and Wallace read Malthus, it occurred to both of them that animals and plants should also be experiencing the same population pressure. It should take very little time for the world to be knee-deep in beetles or earthworms. But the world is not overrun with them, or any other species, because they cannot reproduce to their full potential. Many die before they become adults. They are vulnerable to droughts and cold winters and other environmental assaults. And their food supply, like that of a nation, is not infinite. Individuals must compete, albeit unconsciously, for what little food there is.

Selection of traits In this struggle for existence, survival and reproduction do not come down to pure chance. Darwin and Wallace both realized that if an animal has some trait that helps it to withstand the elements or to breed more successfully, it may leave more offspring behind than others. On average, the trait will become more common in the following generation, and the generation after that. As Darwin wrestled with natural selection he spent a great deal of time with pigeon breeders, learning their methods. He found their work to be an analogy for evolution. A pigeon breeder selected individual birds to reproduce in order to produce a neck ruffle. Similarly, nature unconsciously "selects" individuals better suited to surviving their local conditions. Given enough time, Darwin and Wallace argued, natural selection might produce new types of body parts, from wings to eyes.

Darwin and Wallace develop similar theory Darwin began formulating his theory of natural selection in the late 1830s but he went on working quietly on it for twenty years. He wanted to amass a wealth of evidence before publicly presenting his idea. During those years he corresponded briefly with Wallace (right), who was exploring the wildlife of South America and Asia. Wallace supplied Darwin with birds for his studies and decided to seek Darwin's help in publishing his own ideas on evolution. He sent Darwin his theory in 1858, which, to Darwin's shock, nearly replicated Darwin's own. Charles Lyell and Joseph Dalton Hooker arranged for both Darwin's and Wallace's theories to be presented to a meeting of the Linnaean Society in 1858. Darwin had been working on a major book on evolution and used that to develop On the Origins of Species, which was published in 1859. Wallace, on the other hand, continued his travels and focused his study on the importance of biogeography. The book was not only a best seller but also one of the most influential scientific books of all time. Yet it took time for its full argument to take hold. Within a few decades, most scientists accepted that evolution and the descent of species from common ancestors were real. But natural selection had a harder time finding acceptance. In the late 1800s many scientists who called themselves Darwinists actually preferred a Lamarckian explanation for the way life changed over time. It would take the discovery of genes and mutations in the twentieth century to make natural selection not just attractive as an explanation, but unavoidable. Anwer these questions in a correct way about the article, give your teacher and get some points (in case you need it). You have until 14th november: 1. Who promoted pre-darwinian ideas about evolution? What did they say? 2. Who was thebiologist with similar ideas to Darwin? 3. Where did they both find their inspiration about evolution?  Why? 4. What did they realise? 5. Which discovery in the XX century did the evolution become an  unavoidable theory ?